Leg Info

Leg 2 Strategic Review. The south pays... again. The second leg of the Volvo Ocean Race 2017-18 ended with a fine win for Spanish team MAPFRE.
Text by Mark Chisnell

The win came after a smart decision by skipper Xabi Fernández and his navigator Joan Vila to commit to the south as they went around the South Atlantic High, playing the hand out to grab a lead they could defend all the way to the line. 

The move
Let’s go back to the morning of the 18th November in Image 1; 04:46UTC to be exact.

Image 1 - ©Geovoile

Dongfeng Race Team (red) have been leading the fleet for over a week, shadowed constantly by MAPFRE (white). But now, MAPFRE and Team AkzoNobel (purple) have gybed to starboard, splitting from Dongfeng. Vestas 11th Hour Racing and Team Brunel had both spent about three hours on starboard the previous morning, but otherwise, the whole fleet had been on port since a gybe way back north of the Cape Verde Islands nine day previously – so they’d all had plenty of time to think about this move.

The strategy
We covered the strategy for this part of the race in some detail in the third of our Leg 2 Strategic Reviews so I will keep it short and sweet here.

The trade winds and the Doldrums are both climate zones (a concept that’s covered in more detail in the leg preview) – briefly, the earth’s oceanic climate features distinct bands, lying horizontally and looping the globe, running out from the Equator to the Poles in a mirror image. The fundamental idea of these strategic reviews is that the race is won and lost in the transitions between these zones, and that’s exactly what happened here.

South Atlantic High
At the moment of the gybe in Image 1, the fleet were moving out of the influence of the north-easterly trade winds, and into the northerly winds in the western quadrant of the South Atlantic High – an area of semi-stationary high pressure that often stretches across most of the South Atlantic.

In the centre of this high pressure there is very little wind, creating a road block to Cape Town. It’s clearly visible as the blue area to the east of the fleet in Image 2, taken from later the same day, 19:00UTC on the 18th November.

Image 2 - ©Geovoile

The anti-clockwise rotation of the wind that defines a high pressure in the southern hemisphere is also visible (it goes the other way in the northern hemisphere).

The traditional route from here is to continue south, skirting the high pressure until the boat reaches the next climate zone, the Westerly Storm Track, to meet a low pressure system moving from west to east as it circulates the Antarctic. The boats will pick up the new fresh breeze from the low and ride that wind all the way to the finish line.

First principles
However, as you can see from Image 2, things were not that simple this year, with another area of high pressure to the south of the fleet, blocking the direct route to the Westerly Storm Track. Nevertheless, Joan Vila and MAPFRE were about to prove that sticking to first principles – lead the fleet south – would still be a race winning strategy.

Let’s zoom in on the moment depicted in Image 2, 19:00UTC on the 18th November, to get Image 3.

Image 3 - ©Geovoile

Everyone has now gybed, all following MAPFRE to the south, and it’s clear that the boats to the east are already getting punished for getting too close to the centre of the high and the light winds. We can see the tracks of Team Sun Hung Kai and Turn the Tide on Plastic as they gybed back and forth in their attempts to escape the encroaching light air.

Slow to gybe
So it was a surprise then that the leader and pace setter for the previous week, Dongfeng Race Team should hold on to the port gybe until about 07:30UTC. It was only three or four hours longer than MAPFRE, but it was enough for the Spanish team to end up about 90 miles to the south-west of the Chinese.

MAPFRE have much better conditions and speed at this point; 16.8 knots of wind, and 17.8 knots of speed versus 12.2 knots of wind speed and 12.0 knots of boat speed for Dongfeng. This is because they are further from the light air in the high pressure zone.

Fast forward five hours to midnight on the 18th in Image 4, and the fleet has started to gybe back.

Image 4 - ©Geovoile

MAPFRE is one of the last to go, and as they gybe to head east for Cape Town they are almost directly on the bow of Dongfeng Race Team – who by now have clearly recognised their mistake and are trying to get further south to correct the error.

The image tells the story
The story is told in the numbers and the picture – after all, if Dongfeng Race Team had gybed at this point they would still have been closer to Cape Town, and were theoretically ahead of MAPFRE. The leaderboard (which is scoring purely on a boat’s closeness to the finish line) has Dongfeng Race Team in fifth, and MAPFRE 25 miles behind them in last place...

The real story is in the continued difference in wind speeds (18.5 knots for MAPFRE and just 13.2 knots for Dongfeng), and the positions of the blue, windless, high pressure zones depicted in the image. There is the big one to the north-east of the fleet, but there’s also a second bubble of high pressure just to the east of MAPFRE, and this is the one that Joan Vila is focused on getting around cleanly, so they can pick up the low pressure system and front that is to their south.

Let’s go forward another five and a half hours to 05:30UTC on the 19th November in Image 5, and we can now see the big breeze to the south-west of MAPFRE more clearly.

Image 5 - ©Geovoile

Their course is taking them south of the little bubble of high pressure and light winds to their east, while to their north, Dongfeng Race Team, Team Brunel and Vestas 11th Hour Racing are all pointing straight at the danger zone.

Convergence
So it was no surprise to find that 18 hours later – at 00:30UTC on the 20th November in Image 6 – those latter three boats have all been forced to take another hitch to the south to dodge the light air and get into the breeze from the front.

Image 6 - ©Geovoile

This is now roaring into play, big breeze coming on, pushing everyone east and sweeping away the remnants of the high. To get to this wind the immediate chasing pack have been forced to converge on MAPFRE’s course, and have mostly dropped in behind her. The leaderboard now reflects the reality on the race track, with MAPFRE in front of Team Brunel by 22 miles, with Vestas 11th Hour Racing and Dongfeng Race Team a further 20 or so miles behind them. South paid, and some – and while the different areas of high pressure made it more complex than ‘normal’, the fundamental principle of being first into the wind from a low pressure system still held true.

Dropped?
In the previous strategic review we were concerned that the front would now either move ahead of the fleet, dropping them into the high pressure lurking to the west; or fizzle out before Cape Town, and leave the fleet trying to deal with another high pressure zone setting up before the finish. Any boat that was dropped by the front would have to gybe south to find new wind, but the safest strategy for MAPFRE and the immediate pack chasing her was to keep the hammer down and try to hold onto the front for as long as possible...

And they did just that, not without some difficulty, as we can see from Image 7 at 03:00UTC on the 23rd November.

Image 7 - ©Geovoile

Everyone has had to gybe, as the front finally started to move away from them to the south-east, leaving them in a fading westerly breeze. The lead pack of four managed to stay with the wind from the front after the gybe for just long enough to escape the high. They moved into the strong southerly that sets up along the west coast of South Africa as the high pressure came in behind them.

Drag race
The front four found themselves in a straight line drag race to the finish, with MAPFRE finishing on Nov 24 at 15:10UTC with Dongfeng Race Team almost three hours behind at 18:02UTC, then Vestas 11th Hour Racing at 19:37UTC and Team Brunel on 25th November at 00:14UTC. This was a brilliant recovery by Dongfeng who were back in fourth once the fleet had converged, twenty miles behind second placed Team Brunel in Image 6 from 00:30UTC on the 20th November.

I think they achieved this just by good speed and consistent sailing in the big breeze and waves of the cold front. If you look at Image 8 taken just 36 hours later at 12:00UTC on the 21st November, Dongfeng Race Team are already back up into second and leading the chase to MAPFRE. In these conditions at least, it looks like this is a two-boat race around the world.

Image 8 - ©Geovoile

Of course, there’s a lot more to the rest of the race course than the Southern Ocean, and we will see plenty more tactical and strategic opportunities – like the convergent wind line that Vestas 11th Hour Racing found in the Med to take the lead in Leg 1 – to keep the pot boiling and the podium turning over.

Restart and a Fastnet
A final word on the back three, who all had to dive all the way south to find new breeze as they were swallowed by the high pressure. Check out Image 9 from 05:00UTC on the 24th November, with all three boats virtually side by side with 605 miles to go to the finish – about the same distance as a Fastnet Race. The gun goes and the restart starts...

Image 9 - ©Geovoile

They were all on the leading edge of a new low pressure system that was moving east and pushing the light air and high pressure away, keeping them in solid breeze. Nothing much changed for the next 24 hours, they were still within three miles of each other at 08:15UTC on the 25th November in Image 10, with Cape Town to the north-east. The low was headed south-east, and there was a wall of high pressure between them and the finish.

Image 10 - ©Geovoile

Things looked worse than they were, fortunately the high was going east too, and they crept around its eastern edge, eventually ending up dead upwind of Cape Town in a solid 18-20 south-westerly that was slowly shifting to the south – Image 11 from 13:00 on the 25th November.

Image 11 - ©Geovoile

Persistent shift
A persistent wind shift like this is a very straight-forward tactical situation that any dinghy sailor would recognize, and everyone knew what to do – sail until you can make Cape Town on starboard, and gybe. It came down to boat speed, and Team AkzoNobel’s experience was starting to pay. They eked out a four to six mile lead over the other two that they maintained quite comfortably to finish fifth later that evening, November 25th at 21:24UTC.

The fight to avoid the wooden spoon went all the way to the wire with Team Sun Hung Kai/Scallywag eventually shading it, finishing at 21:55 and 21seconds UTC with Turn the Tide on Plastic one minute and eight seconds behind.

Old rules rule
Looking back, it was a relatively straight-forward leg. The fleet were straight into the trade winds out of the start, the Doldrums were gentle on them, and although the South Atlantic was a complex mess as they approached it, in the end the old rules ruled.

So I’ll conclude with the old rule for Leg 3, down through the Southern Ocean to Melbourne: keep going south till it’s blowing 40 knots, then turn left and hang on. We’ll see how well that one works out starting 10th December...

Read the weekly reviews for Leg 2: Week 1, Week 2, Week 3

Here the crew line-ups for the Leg 2 - Lisbon to Cape Town (7,000nm).

Here are some of the best images of the Leg 2.

Leg 2 in 200 seconds. The 7,000 mile marathon from Lisbon to Cape Town had everything – and here's a look at the best of the action: 

Leg 2 in 200 seconds | Volvo Ocean Race

Leg starts on:
5 November 2017

The basics:

This one is a 7,000 nm run south, starting from Lisbon on 5 November, and going from the coast of Portugal to Cape Town at the southern tip of the mighty African continent. It’s a classic north to south Atlantic run, passing through multiple Climate Zones.

Err... what’s a climate zone?

The earth’s oceanic climate features distinct bands, lying horizontally and looping the globe, running out from the Equator to the Poles in a mirror image. When they race from north to south, the fleet is constantly crossing from one band of climate to another – the trick is finding the right entry and exit points for each transition, a moment when conditions can radically change and gains and losses can be spectacular.

What are the challenges? 

Subtropical High Pressure Zone (Horse Latitudes): Let’s not be so negative, a challenge is also an opportunity, and there are many opportunities to make gains on this leg. The first is a little thing called the Azores High – a Sub-Tropical High Pressure Zone named after the island chain. 

This is the first climate zone the fleet will encounter, sitting around 30-38 degrees, these are huge areas of stable, semi-static high pressure. Also called the Horse Latitudes, so named because the light winds associated with these areas of high pressure slowed up the old sailing ships so much that they would run out of water and be forced to throw the dying horses overboard. Or so they say.

Trade Winds: The Azores High also determines the position of the second oceanic climate zone, the Trade Winds. These are moderate to strong winds that blow consistently towards the equator from the north-east in the northern hemisphere, and the south-east in the southern hemisphere. So there are two belts of trade winds that girdle the globe, each blowing from a Sub-Tropical High Pressure Zone towards the equator.

Depending on the position of the Azores High, the fleet could pick up the Trade Winds off the start in Lisbon and ride them all the way south – fast, fun sailing in glorious conditions. But if the high pressure is sitting over Lisbon, the fleet will find themselves struggling for speed in the light winds. In this case the race will be on to reach the Trade Winds first – slow, stressful and no fun at all, unless you’re winning.

Island Chains: The Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands both lie in the way as they head south – these are both volcanic, high pieces of land, and they can impact the strength and direction of the wind for hundreds of miles. And that means lots of overtaking opportunities.

The Doldrums (ITCZ): South of the trade winds lie the Doldrums, or intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a region of low pressure that envelopes the earth’s oceans roughly at the equator. It occurs because warm, moist air rises (relative to cold air), and there’s plenty of that in the tropics. The Doldrums are famous for thunderstorms, light winds, rain and sudden unexpected gusts – all-in-all  a  nail-bitingly high level of unpredictability.

Incidentally, for the weather nerds, it’s the cooler air from the north and south of the Doldrums that is sucked in to replace this rising air, and this helps form the north-easterly Trade Winds of the northern hemisphere, and the south-easterly Trade Winds of the southern hemisphere.

A good Doldrums crossing can win this leg, and a bad one can lose it for you. So this will be a tense time. The key is picking the thinnest point to cross and usually that’s more to the west, so the boats will head that way until they pick their spot, and then turn south to go for it. Legend has it – and the legends run deep on this one, back to the days of clipper ships – that the sweet spot is around 27-28W, but anything between 25W and 30W can work. 

St Helena High: The thing about the climate zones is that they are mirrored north to south about the Equator. So the Azores High has a mirror sister sitting in the South Atlantic, sometimes called the St Helena High for the island. High Pressure means light wind and so it blocks the direct route to Cape Town.

The teams will probably go to the west of the centre of the high, and try to work their way down this side. It’s almost always quicker to head south, around the centre of the high, to get into the final climate zone, which we’ll call the Westerly Storm Track.

The Southern Ocean and the Westerly Storm Track: In the Westerly Storm Track, storms and low pressure systems swirl west-to-east around the globe. They circulate the Arctic in the north and the Antarctic in the south, always moving west to east. The strategy is always to get clear of the Sub-Tropical High Pressure, and into the Storm Track, find a low pressure system moving east and ride with it. It will accelerate a boat east across the South Atlantic, often taking them into the Southern Ocean, and sometimes take them right into Table Bay. First to become a rider of the storm will usually win it.

Lots of opportunities, must have meant some big winners?

Oh yes, in 1997-98 race- newbie Paul Cayard and his navigator Mark Rudiger boldly split from the fleet to lead EF Language south from Fernando de Noronha. The move got them into the Westerly Storm Track first, they picked up a ride and it gave them a lead that they never relinquished, going on to win the race. Sweet.

 

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